Perioperative Nonopioid Agents for Pain Control in Spinal Surgery.

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

11-1-2014

Abstract

PURPOSE: Commonly used nonopioid analgesic agents that are incorporated into multimodal perioperative pain management protocols in spinal surgery are reviewed.

SUMMARY: Spinal procedures constitute perhaps some of most painful surgical interventions, as they often encompass extensive muscle dissection, tissue retraction, and surgical implants, as well as prolonged operative duration. Perioperative nonopioid analgesics frequently used in multimodal protocols include gabapentin, pregabalin, acetaminophen, dexamethasone, ketamine, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). There is evidence to suggest that gabapentin is safe and effective in reducing opioid consumption and pain scores at optimal doses of 600-900 mg orally administered preoperatively. Pregabalin 150-300 mg orally perioperatively has been shown to reduce both pain and narcotic consumption. Most reports concur that a single 1-g i.v. perioperative dose is safe in adults and that this dose has been shown to reduce pain and attenuate narcotic requirements. Dexamethasone's influence on postoperative pain has primarily been investigated for minor spinal procedures, with limited evidence for spinal fusions. Ketamine added to a patient-controlled analgesia regimen appears to be efficacious for 24 hours postoperatively when implemented for microdiskectomy and laminectomy procedures at doses of 1 mg/mL in a 1:1 mixture with morphine. For patients undergoing laminectomy or diskectomy, NSAIDs appear to be safe and effective in reducing pain scores and decreasing opioid consumption.

CONCLUSION: Preemptive analgesic therapy combining nonopioid agents with opioids may reduce narcotic consumption and improve patient satisfaction after spinal surgery. Such therapy should be considered for patients undergoing various spinal procedures in which postoperative pain control has been historically difficult to achieve.

Publication Title

American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists

Volume

71

Issue

21

First Page

1845

Last Page

1857

PubMed ID

25320134

Comments

This article was published in American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, Volume 71, Issue 21, November 2014, pages 1845-1857.

The published version is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2146/ajhp130688

Copyright 2014 © American Society of Health System Pharmacists

This document is currently not available here.

COinS