Development of the terminally differentiated state sensitizes epiphyseal chondrocytes to apoptosis through caspase-3 activation

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

2007

Abstract

The maturation of epiphyseal chondrocytes is accompanied by dramatic changes in energy metabolism and shifts in proteins concerned with the induction of apoptosis. We evaluated the role of mitochondria in this process by evaluating the membrane potential (Δψm) of chondrocytes of embryonic tibia and the epiphyseal growth plate. We observed that there was a maturation-dependent change in fluorescence, indicating a fall in the Δψm. The level of mitochondrial Bcl-2 was decreased during maturation, while in the same time period there was an obvious increase in Bax levels in the mitochondrial fraction of the terminally differentiated chondrocytes. BclxL, another anti-apoptotic protein, was also robustly expressed in the mitochondrial fraction, but its expression was not dependent on the maturation status of the chondrocytes. We found that caspase-3 was present throughout the growth plate and in hypertrophic cells in culture. We blocked caspase-3 activity and found that alkaline phosphatase staining and mineral formation was decreased, and the cells had lost their characteristic shape. Moreover, we noted that the undifferentiated eel Is were insensitive to elevated concentrations of inorganic phosphate (Pi). It is concluded that during hypertrophy, the change in membrane potential, the increased binding of a pro-apoptotic protein to mitochondria, and the activation of caspase-3 serve to prime cells for apoptosis. Only when the terminally differentiated chondrocytes are challenged with low levels of apoptogens there is activation of apoptosis. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Publication Title

Journal of cellular physiology

Volume

210

Issue

3

First Page

609

Last Page

615

Comments

This article was published in Journal of cellular physiology, Volume 210, Issue 3, Pages 609-615.

The published version is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.20857.

Copyright © 2007.

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